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In a shocking turn of events on August 4, 2024, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigned from her position and left Bangladesh amid escalating violence and civil unrest. This brings an unexpected end to the reign of Bangladesh's longest-serving PM, who has been in power since 2009 and ruled the country for more than 20 years in total.
Illustration by The Geostrata
The situation in the neighbouring country has rapidly deteriorated, with widespread protests and violent incidents resulting in over 100 deaths in just the past few days. The resignation of the Prime Minister marks a pivotal moment in Bangladesh’s political landscape, raising concerns about the future stability of the nation.
Sheikh Hasina’s departure from her official residence, The Gonobhaban, comes after intense and sustained protests across the country. Reports indicate that her helicopter is enroute to Agartala, the capital of the Indian state of Tripura, accompanied by her sister Sheikh Rehana and her nephew.
This dramatic exit has left the country in a state of uncertainty, with the army chief, General Waker Uzzaman, stepping in to address the nation.
In his address, General Uzzaman announced the formation of an interim government that will include representatives from all political parties, urging protesters to return home and move past the current turmoil. This announcement, however, was delayed multiple times, reflecting the tense and chaotic situation on the ground.
BACKGROUND OF THE PROTESTS
Protests erupted over the government in July 2024, the primary cause of these protests is the government's quota system, which reserves 56% of public sector jobs for various sections of society, leaving only 44% available based on merit.
Unlike India's system, which is largely caste-based, Bangladesh's system is significantly influenced by the legacy of its freedom fighters. The protests intensified on 15th of July 2024 when violent clashes happened between Dhaka University students affiliated with the ruling Awami League party and the demonstrators, resulting in over 200 deaths.
After Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her ministers made controversial remarks, likening protesters to 'Razakars,' a term for those who collaborated with the Pakistani military during the 1971 war. This rhetoric has further inflamed the situation, with critics accusing the government of deflecting criticism by branding dissenters as traitors.
On July 30, 2024 Protests intensified, demanding the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and the formation of a new government.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
To understand the situation fully, it is essential to delve into Bangladesh's history. Before its independence in 1971, Bangladesh was East Pakistan, a part of Pakistan dominated by West Pakistan. The people of East Pakistan faced severe social, economic, and political discrimination. The 1970 Bhola cyclone, one of the deadliest tropical cyclones, saw inadequate relief efforts from West Pakistan, exacerbating the tensions.
In the 1970 elections, the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a majority of seats, but the results were rejected by West Pakistan's military, leading to martial law and a brutal crackdown on East Pakistan. This resulted in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, where India played a crucial role in helping East Pakistan gain independence, becoming Bangladesh.
EVOLUTION OF THE QUOTA SYSTEM
Post-independence, a quota system was introduced in 1972 to honour freedom fighters by reserving 30% of government jobs for them. This quota was later extended to their children in 1997 and to their grandchildren in 2010.
Over time, this system evolved to reserve 56% of public sector jobs, including quotas for women, backward districts, ethnic minorities, and people with disabilities.
COURT'S INTERPRETATION
The quota system faced opposition, especially from students. In 2018, under pressure, the government issued a circular removing the quota system for first and second-class jobs. However, in June 2024, the High Court reinstated the quota system following a petition from descendants of freedom fighters, reigniting protests across the country.
Protesters argue that the quota system is unconstitutional and that it disproportionately benefits those connected to the ruling Awami League party. Allegations of corruption and favouritism in recognizing freedom fighters have also surfaced. In response, the government approached the Supreme Court, which stayed the High Court's order, but protests continued.
SUBSEQUENT POLITICAL CLIMATE AND GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
Amidst escalating tensions, the government deployed paramilitary troops and used force against protesters. The United Nations urged the government to avoid violence. The government formed a Judicial Probe Committee to investigate the violence and expressed willingness to dialogue with protesters. However, mistrust remains high, with opposition parties joining the protests.
Tasim Khalil, a Bangladeshi journalist, reports that the protests have spread across the country, and a new tactic has emerged: a nationwide disobedience movement.
People are being encouraged not to pay taxes or utility bills. Despite this, the government continues to use violence against protesters, now involving armed members of the ruling party.
Recently, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina left the country for London via India. The military has imposed martial law, taking control of the situation, although Bangladesh army chief has said "Our PM has resigned, I have met all the political leaders, an interim government will be formed. Please keep calm & avoid anarchy. There is no need for martial law. We will discuss it with Honourable President."
Expert believe that this change in leadership and governance might bring stability to Bangladesh. It is essential to address the citizens expectations and maintain law and order. Beyond the quota system, Bangladesh faces significant unemployment and economic challenges.
High inflation and low foreign exchange reserves exacerbate the situation. The Prime Minister's recent electoral win has also been marred by allegations of rigging, further fuelling dissent
CONCLUSION
The protests against the quota system highlight deeper issues within Bangladesh, including economic struggles and political dissatisfaction. Addressing unemployment and ensuring fair governance are critical steps the government needs to take to restore stability and public trust.
The future of Bangladesh now hangs in the balance, with the interim government’s formation and the military’s temporary influence raising questions about the country’s path forward. The Indian government, closely monitoring the situation, has prepared emergency plans and continues to issue updates for its citizens. As the world watches these unfolding events, the hope is for a peaceful resolution and stability for the people of Bangladesh.
BY ADARSH TRIPATHI
CENTRE FOR POLITICS AND LAW
TEAM GEOSTRATA
Such an engaging read!!
Very insightful!
let’s just hope despite the unpopularity, democratic rule wins once again!
Insightful
Informative